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1 inapplicable means
Дипломатический термин: неприемлемые меры, неприемлемые средства -
2 inapplicable means
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3 inapplicable means
неприемлемые меры / средства -
4 inapplicable
aнеприменимый; непригодный; неподходящий; несоответствующий -
5 inapplicable
adj незастосовний; непридатний; непідхожий; невідповідний- inapplicable means неприйнятні заходи/ засоби -
6 средство средств·о
1) (для осуществления чего-л.) means; мн. (технические) devicesпустить в ход выигрышное или последнее средство — to play (one's) trump-card
дипломатическое средство (против кого-л.) — diplomatic expedient (against smb.)
мирные средства — peaceful / pacific means
национальные средства контроля / проверки (выполнения соглашения) — national means of verification
спасительное средство — sure / wonder-working remedy
средства ведения войны — means of war / warfare
средство для достижения цели — leverage, instrument, means to an end, expeilient
незначительное / мелкое событие, в высшей степени раздутое средствами массовой информации — mass media event амер.
средства массового уничтожения — means of mass destruction / annihilation
средства, обеспечивающие выполнение договора — means to secure the performance of a treaty
средство платежа (о функции денег) — medium / means of payment
средство пропаганды — means of propaganda, vehicle for propaganda
средства связи — means / medium of communication
сдерживания / устрашения — deterrent
средства существования — means of subsistence / living
средства формирования общественного мнения — media forming / building / moulding public opinion
2)3) мн.эк. — resources, funds; (активы) assetsвыделять средства для чего-л. — to allocate funds for smth.
направлять средство на что-л. — to channel funds for smth.
получать средство (напр. путём выпуска акций) — to raise the finances
государственные средство — public / state funds
денежные / платежные средства — means, funds
денежные средство, имеющиеся в наличии — available funds
денежные средство, инвестированные в ценные бумаги — tied-up funds
законное платёжное средство — legal / lawful / common tender
оборотные средства — current / circulating assets
основные средство — permanent assets; fixed capital
средства, высвобождающиеся в результате сокращения военных бюджетов — funds released as a result of a reduction of military budgets
средство а, поглощаемые гонкой вооружений — resources absorbed by the arms race
средство, сэкономленные в результате разоружения — disarmament dividends
средство, управляемые по доверенности — trusteed funds
4) юр.средство правовой / судебной защиты — (legal) remedy
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7 неприемлемые меры
Diplomatic term: inapplicable means -
8 неприемлемые средства
Diplomatic term: inapplicable meansУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > неприемлемые средства
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9 सप्तन् _saptan
सप्तन् num. a. (always pl.; सप्त nom. and acc.) Seven.-Comp. -अंशुः N. of Agni.-अंशुपुङ्गवः the planet Saturn.-अङ्ग a. see सप्तप्रकृति below.-अर्चिस् a.1 having seven tongues or flames.-2 evil-eyed, of in- auspicious look. (-m.)1 N. of fire.-2 of Saturn.-3 the Chitraka plant.-अशीतिः f. eighty-seven.-अश्रम् a heptagon.-अश्वः the sun; नप्ता सप्ताश्वसंनिभः Śiva B. 25.45. ˚वाहनः the sun.-अस्र a. septangular.-अहः seven days, i. e. a week.-आत्मन् m. an epithet of Brahman.-ऋषि (सप्तर्षि) m. pl.1 the seven sages; i. e. मरीचि, अत्रि, अङ्गिरस्, पुलस्त्य, पुलह, क्रतु, and वसिष्ठ.-2 the constellation called Ursa Major (the seven stars of which are said to be the seven sages mentioned above).-कोण a. septangular.-गङ्गम् ind. in the place of the seven streams of the Ganges.-गुण a. seven-fold.-चत्वारिंशत् f. forty-seven.-च्छदः N. of a tree (Mar. सातवीण); गजाश्च सप्तच्छद- दानगन्धिनः Karṇabhāra 1.11.-जिह्वः, -ज्वालः fire. (the seven tongues are काली, कराली, मनोजवा, सुलोहिता, सुधूम्रवर्णा, उग्रा and प्रदीप्ता).-तन्तुः a sacrifice; सप्ततन्तु- मधिगन्तुमिच्छतः Śi.14.6; पुनः प्रवर्तयिष्यामि सप्ततन्त्वादिकाः क्रियाः Śiva B.5.56; विधये सप्ततन्तूनाम् ibid.18.23. cf. note on N.11.1.-त्रिंशत् f. thirty-seven.-दशन् a. seventeen. ˚अरत्निन्यायः A rule of interpretation according to which an expression, if it is found to be inapplicable to the matter or thing with reference to which it is used, should be taken as being connected with or applying to a part or subsidiary thereof. This mode of construing an expression (in its literal sense) is preferable to लक्षणा. This rule is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर in the सूत्र 'आनर्थक्यात् तदङ्गेषु' MS.3.1.18 and भाष्या thereon.-दाधितिः N. of fire.-द्वारावकीर्ण a. dominated or affected by the seven gates (5 organs, mind and intellect); सप्तद्वाराकीर्णां च न वाचमनृतां वदेत् Ms.6.48 (see Kull.).-द्वीपा an epithet of the earth; पुरा सप्तद्वीपां जयति वसुधामप्रतिरथः Ś.7.33.-धातु m. pl. the seven constituent elements of the body; i. e. chyle, blood, flesh, fat, bone, marrow, and semen; (रसास्रमांस- मेदो$स्थिमज्जानः शुक्रसंयुताः).-नली birdlime.-नवतिः f. ninetyseven.-नाडीचक्रम् a kind of astrological diagram used as a means of foretelling rain.-पदी the seven steps at a marriage (the bride and bridegroom walk together seven steps, after which the marriage becomes irrevocable).-पर्णः (so सप्तच्छदः, सप्तपत्रः) N. of a tree. (-र्णी) the sensitive plant.-पातालम् the seven regions of the earth (i. e. अतल, वितल, सुतल, महातल, रसातल, तलातल and पाताल).-प्रकृतिः f. pl. the seven constituent parts of a kingdom; स्वाम्यमात्यसुहृत्कोशराष्ट्र- दुर्गबलानि च Ak.; see प्रकृति also.-भद्रः the Śirīsa tree.-भूमिक, -भौम a. seven stories high (as a palace).-मन्त्रः fire.-मातृ f. collective N. of seven mothers (i. e. ब्राह्मी, माहेश्वरी, कौमारी, वैष्णवी, वाराही, इन्द्राणी, and चामुण्डा).-मुष्टिकः a particular mixture used as a remedy for fever.-रक्तः one who has got the seven parts of the body red; (पाणिपादतले रक्ते नेत्रान्तरनखानि च । तालुकाधर- जिह्वाश्च प्रशस्ता सप्तरक्तता ॥).-रात्रम् a period of seven nights.-रुचिः fire; सप्तरुचेरिव स्फुलिङ्गाः Śi.2.53.-लोकाः the seven worlds (i. e. भूर्, भुवर्, स्वर्, महर्, जनस्, तपस्, and सत्यम्).-विंशतिः f. twentyseven.-विध a. seven-fold, of seven sorts.-शतम् 1 7.-2 17. (-ती) an aggregate or collection of 7 verses or stanzas.-शलाकः a kind of astronomical diagram used for indicating auspicious days for marriages.-शिरा betel.-सप्तिः an epithet of the sun; सर्वैरुस्रैः समग्रैस्त्वमिव नृपगुणैर्दीप्यते सप्तसप्तिः M.2.12; Ś.6.29; Ki.5.34.-स्वरः the seven musical notes (i. e. सा, रि, ग, म, प, ध, नी). -
10 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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